Logistics Management

AKTIVITAS LOGISTIC DALAM PERUSAHAAN

A.PENDAHULUAN

Istilah LOGISTIC (dalam Bahasa Inggris ; Logistics) dalam kamus Grolier Webster International (1975) di definisikan berikut: “ The Branch of military science concerned with the procurement, transportation, maintenance, and supply of troops, equipment and facilities”. Dari batasan di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa fokus ataupun konsentrasi kegiatan logistic bertumpu pada kegiatan pengadaaan barang dan jasa; pengangkutan dan perawatan/penyimpanan peralatan dan fasilitas yangt dibutuhkan oleh militer sehingga istilah logistik itu seakan terbatas pemakaiannya di kalangan militer.

Dalam dunia usaha pun sebenarnya kegiatan memperoleh, mengangkut, menyimpan dan memelihara/merawat barang sudah ada sejak pertama kali manusia melakukan usaha dagang yakni system barter. Kegiatan logistic dalam dunia usaha menjadi lebih penting disebebkan jarak sumber barang dan si pemakai barang / konsumen lama-kelamaan menjadi lebih jauh oleh karena berbagai hal.

B. Definisi dan Ruang Lingkup Logistic Perusahaan

Walaupun kegiatan pengadaan, pengangkutan, dan penyimpanan serta perawatan telah lama dikenal dan dilaksanakan dalam dinia usaha namun kegiatan tersebut tidak dikelola secara terpadu.
Definisi Logistic perusahaan adalah suatu bidang manajemen terpadu yang relatif masih baru, yang timbul dari reorganisasi dari semua kegiatan yang berkaitan dengan pengurusan barang. Oleh karena istilah logistic perusahaan itu masih baru maka terdapat bermacam-macam definisi yang diberikan oleh para cendekiawan.

Logistic adalah proses perencanaan, pelaksanaan dan pengendalian yang efisien dan efektif biaya dari alur penyimpanan bahan baku, material dalam proses, barang jadi dan informasi yang terkait dimulai dari sumbernya sampai pada tempat pemakaian dengan tujuan pemenuhan kebutuhan konsumen.
Secara populer penyelenggaraan dan pengelolaan logistic adalah dengan melaksanakan apa yang disebut sebagai: Memperoleh yang berarti menjamin adanya jenis barang dan jasa yang tepat; dalam jumlah yang tepat; dari sumber yang tepat; pada waktu yang tepat; untuk pelanggan yang tepat dan biaya yang tepat.
Kegiatan logistic dalam system perekonomian khususnya berkaitan dengan arus barang. Meskipun sulit untuk mengukur namun para ahli sepakat bahwa pengeluaran biaya setiap tahun untuk pelaksanaan tugas logistic di Amerika Serikat menyangkut jumlah 10% dari Gross National Product (GNP) tahun 1994.
Di Indonesia masalah logistic menjadi masalah kendala terutama masalah distribusi di kawasan Indonesia Timur yang sarana dan prasarana masih sangat minim.

C. Misi Bidang Logistic
Misi bidang logistic suatu perusahaan adalah suatu usaha yang terintegrasi yang bertujuan mewujudkan “customer value” derngan “lowest total cost”. Jadi tugas seorang manajer logistic adalah meningkatkan tingkat layanan, menekan biaya serendah-rendahnya dan mencari keseimbangan yang tepat diantara kedua hal tesebut.
Kegiatan Manejemen Logistik

Customer Service
Demand Forecasting
Disrtibution Communication
Inventory Control
Material Handling
Order Processing
Parts and Service support
Plant and Warehouse site selection
Procurement
Packaging
Return goods handling
Salvage and scrap disposal
Traffic and transportation
Warehousing and Storage

D. Sebagai bagian dari usaha pemasaran suatu perusahaan
Logistic memainkan peranan yang penting dalam memuaskan pelanggan perusahaan dan pencapaian laba untuk perusahaan secara keseluruhan.
Kemampuan logisric untuk memberikan “customer service” dihubungkan dengan kemampuan bagian pemasaran dalam mendapatkan dan melaksanakan penjualan, menghasilkan keadaan yang dapat diterima untuk mencapai kepuasan pelanggan (customer satisfaction).
Upaya yang terpadu membutuhkan koordinasi dalam aktivitas pemasaran (Product, Price, Place, Promotion) untuk mencapai sinergi yang optimal.
Komponen yang terakhir dari konsep manejemen logistic adalah company profit yang pada akhirnya menuntut logistic untuk selalu berusaha mencari keseimbangan antara tingkat service level yang ditentukan perusahaan dan waktu yang bersamaan menekan cost seminimal mungkin.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

logistics definition.....
Logistics is the art and science of managing and controlling the flow of goods, energy, information and other resources like products, services, and people, from the source of production to the marketplace. It is difficult to accomplish any marketing or manufacturing without logistical support. It involves the integration of information, transportation, inventory, warehousing, material handling, and packaging. The operating responsibility of logistics is the geographical repositioning of raw materials, work in process, and finished inventories where required at the lowest cost possible.
The dictionary definition of logistics is: "The time related positioning of resources."
As such, logistics is commonly seen as a branch of engineering which creates "people systems" rather than "machine systems".

Background
Logistics can be defined as having the right quantity at the right time for the right price. It is the science of process. Incorporates all industry sectors, and manages the fruition of project life cycles, supply chains and resultant efficiencies.
Logistics as a concept is considered to evolve from the military's need to supply themselves as they moved from their base to a forward position. In ancient Greek, Roman and Byzantine empires, there were military officers with the title ‘Logistikas’ who were responsible for financial and supply distribution matters. The Oxford English dictionary defines logistics as: “The branch of military science having to do with procuring, maintaining and transporting material, personnel and facilities.”
Logistics as its own concept in business evolved only in the 1950s. This was mainly due to the increasing complexity of supplying one's business with materials and shipping out products in an increasingly globalized supply chain, calling for experts in the field.

Business logistics
In business, logistics may have either internal focus, or external focus covering the flow from originating supplier to end-user (see supply chain management). The main functions of a logistics manager include purchasing, transport, warehousing, and the organizing and planning of these activities. Logistics managers combine a general knowledge of each of these functions so that there is a coordination of resources in an organization. There are two fundamentally different forms of logistics. One optimizes a steady flow of material through a network of transport links and storage nodes. The other coordinates a sequence of resources to carry out some project.

Military logistics
In military logistics, experts manage how and when to move resources to the places they are needed. In military science, maintaining one's supply lines while disrupting those of the enemy is a crucial—some would say the most crucial—element of military strategy, since an armed force without food, fuel and ammunition is defenseless.
The Iraq war was a dramatic example of the importance of logistics. It had become very necessary for the US and its allies to move huge amounts of men, materials and equipment over great distances. Led by Lieutenant General William Pagonis, Logistics was successfully used for this effective movement. The defeat of the British in the American War of Independence, and the defeat of Rommel in World War II, have been largely attributed to logistical failure. The historical leaders Hannibal Barca and Alexander the Great are considered to have been logistical geniuses.

Production logistics
The term is used for describing logistic processes within an industry. The purpose of production logistics is to ensure that each machine and workstation is being fed with the right product in the right quantity and quality at the right point in time.
The issue is not the transportation itself, but to streamline and control the flow through the value adding processes and eliminate non-value adding ones. Production logistics can be applied in existing as well as new plants. Manufacturing in an existing plant is a constantly changing process. Machines are exchanged and new ones added, which gives the opportunity to improve the production logistics system accordingly. Production logistics provides the means to achieve customer response and capital efficiency.